HOMOEOPATHY UNRIVALED

  Normal heart sounds and cardiac mumurs Hello everyone, welcome to my blogpost yet again. Today, I will discuss a very important topic from the clinical point of view. Yes, I am talking about the the cardiac mumurs which are the pathological heart sounds indicative of some underlying cardiac pathologies. In order to understand cardiac murmurs, we need to understand the normal heart sound. Normal heart sounds           The normal heart sound, grossly called the LUB-DUB, is produced as a result of closure of the mitral(bicuspid) and tricuspid valve. This first heart sound is called S1.           The second heart sound is produced by the closure of semilunar valves. i.e. aortic and pulmonary components. The second heart sound is called S2.           The closure of these valve occur as a result of the pressure difference between atrium...

RENAL CYSTS AND THE BOSNIAK CLASSIFICATION Cysts are fluid filed sacs, enclosed by thin layers of tissues. Certain cysts in human body are harmless and are the result of either ageing of an unknown origin like simple cortical cysts in kidneys and ovaries. Simple renal cysts are benign in nature, that means these are not harmful or fatal and won’t require any sort of medical intervention. However, some renal cysts and cystic diseases may require medical intervention due to their serious nature. These may include certain malignant tumors also which may need surgical approach and removal of the kidneys Some examples of such renal cystic diseases are: 1.        Polycystic kidney disease: Both, Autosomal dominant and auto somal recessive. 2.     Medullary sponge kidney. 3.     Complex cortical cysts. 4.     Glomerulocystic kidney. 5.     Calcified cortical cyst, which may need fur...